快速排序
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void quick_sort(int q[], int l, int r) { if (l >= r) return; int i = l - 1, j = r + 1, x = q[l + r >> 1]; while (i < j) { do i ++ ; while (q[i] < x); do j -- ; while (q[j] > x); if (i < j) swap(q[i], q[j]); } quick_sort(q, l, j), quick_sort(q, j + 1, r); } |
归并排序
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void merge_sort(int q[], int l, int r) { if (l >= r) return; int mid = l + r >> 1; merge_sort(q, l, mid); merge_sort(q, mid + 1, r); int k = 0, i = l, j = mid + 1; while (i <= mid && j <= r) if (q[i] <= q[j]) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ]; else tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ]; while (i <= mid) tmp[k ++ ] = q[i ++ ]; while (j <= r) tmp[k ++ ] = q[j ++ ]; for (i = l, j = 0; i <= r; i ++, j ++ ) q[i] = tmp[j]; } |
整数二分算法
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bool check(int x) {/* ... */} // 检查x是否满足某种性质 // 区间[l, r]被划分成[l, mid]和[mid + 1, r]时使用: int bsearch_1(int l, int r) { while (l < r) { int mid = l + r >> 1; if (check(mid)) r = mid; // check()判断mid是否满足性质 else l = mid + 1; } return l; } // 区间[l, r]被划分成[l, mid - 1]和[mid, r]时使用: int bsearch_2(int l, int r) { while (l < r) { int mid = l + r + 1 >> 1; if (check(mid)) l = mid; else r = mid - 1; } return l; } |
浮点数二分算法
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bool check(double x) {/* ... */} // 检查x是否满足某种性质 double bsearch_3(double l, double r) { const double eps = 1e-6; // eps 表示精度,取决于题目对精度的要求 while (r - l > eps) { double mid = (l + r) / 2; if (check(mid)) r = mid; else l = mid; } return l; } |
高精度加法
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// C = A + B, A >= 0, B >= 0 vector<int> add(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B) { if (A.size() < B.size()) return add(B, A); vector<int> C; int t = 0; for (int i = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ ) { t += A[i]; if (i < B.size()) t += B[i]; C.push_back(t % 10); t /= 10; } if (t) C.push_back(t); return C; } |
高精度减法
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// C = A - B, 满足A >= B, A >= 0, B >= 0 vector<int> sub(vector<int> &A, vector<int> &B) { vector<int> C; for (int i = 0, t = 0; i < A.size(); i ++ ) { t = A[i] - t; if (i < B.size()) t -= B[i]; C.push_back((t + 10) % 10); if (t < 0) t = 1; else t = 0; } while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back(); return C; } |
高精度乘低精度
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// C = A * b, A >= 0, b >= 0 vector<int> mul(vector<int> &A, int b) { vector<int> C; int t = 0; for (int i = 0; i < A.size() || t; i ++ ) { if (i < A.size()) t += A[i] * b; C.push_back(t % 10); t /= 10; } while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back(); return C; } |
高精度除以低精度
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// A / b = C ... r, A >= 0, b > 0 vector<int> div(vector<int> &A, int b, int &r) { vector<int> C; r = 0; for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; i -- ) { r = r * 10 + A[i]; C.push_back(r / b); r %= b; } reverse(C.begin(), C.end()); while (C.size() > 1 && C.back() == 0) C.pop_back(); return C; } |
一维前缀和
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S[i] = a[1] + a[2] + ... a[i] a[l] + ... + a[r] = S[r] - S[l - 1] |
二维前缀和
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S[i, j] = 第i行j列格子左上部分所有元素的和 以(x1, y1)为左上角,(x2, y2)为右下角的子矩阵的和为: S[x2, y2] - S[x1 - 1, y2] - S[x2, y1 - 1] + S[x1 - 1, y1 - 1] |
一维差分
1 |
给区间[l, r]中的每个数加上c:B[l] += c, B[r + 1] -= c |
二维差分
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给以(x1, y1)为左上角,(x2, y2)为右下角的子矩阵中的所有元素加上c: S[x1, y1] += c, S[x2 + 1, y1] -= c, S[x1, y2 + 1] -= c, S[x2 + 1, y2 + 1] += c |
位运算
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求n的第k位数字: n >> k & 1 返回n的最后一位1:lowbit(n) = n & -n |
双指针算法
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for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < n; i ++ ) { while (j < i && check(i, j)) j ++ ; // 具体问题的逻辑 } 常见问题分类: (1) 对于一个序列,用两个指针维护一段区间 (2) 对于两个序列,维护某种次序,比如归并排序中合并两个有序序列的操作 |
离散化
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vector<int> alls; // 存储所有待离散化的值 sort(alls.begin(), alls.end()); // 将所有值排序 alls.erase(unique(alls.begin(), alls.end()), alls.end()); // 去掉重复元素 // 二分求出x对应的离散化的值 int find(int x) // 找到第一个大于等于x的位置 { int l = 0, r = alls.size() - 1; while (l < r) { int mid = l + r >> 1; if (alls[mid] >= x) r = mid; else l = mid + 1; } return r + 1; // 映射到1, 2, ...n } |
区间合并
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// 将所有存在交集的区间合并 void merge(vector<PII> &segs) { vector<PII> res; sort(segs.begin(), segs.end()); int st = -2e9, ed = -2e9; for (auto seg : segs) if (ed < seg.first) { if (st != -2e9) res.push_back({st, ed}); st = seg.first, ed = seg.second; } else ed = max(ed, seg.second); if (st != -2e9) res.push_back({st, ed}); segs = res; } |
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